Thioredoxin Is a New Target for the Phytotoxicity of Small Lactone Mycotoxins, Patulin and Penicillic Acid on Maize Seedlings

The phytotoxic mechanisms of patulin (PAT) and penicillic acid (PA) have not been identified unambiguously. This study aims to clarify their effects on thioredoxins (Trxs). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), PAT PA were isolated by solvent extraction chromatographic techniques from the cultures Aspergillus flavus Z2 (LC171449), Penicillium vulpinum CM1 ochraceus EMCC516, respectively. three mycotoxins showed phytotoxicity germination maize seeds, which was manifested inhibiting radicle coleoptile emergence, in addition toxic fresh weights root shoot lengths. AFB1 greater than that PA. Due central roles exhibited plant Trxs cellular metabolic activities, they tested as target proteins for using positive control. In vivo studies significantly reduced Trx activity measured roots shoots seedlings. Trx-inhibiting AFB1. vitro y1 (from Arabidopsis thaliana) thioredoxin reductase (Tr, rat liver) activities confirm results studies. inactivation with presence glutathione (GSH). Data obtained suggest lactone are more highly reactive simple low-molecular-weight thiols (like GSH) complex ones Trx).